अमूर्त

Synthesis, Characterization And Biological Studies of Carbamoylbenzene-1,5-dicarboxylic Acid Analogue

AbdulRazaq Tukur

1. Introduction Development of novel bioactive drugs in chemical warfare against bacteria, fungi, and other infectious diseases has become an important and challenging task for the synthetic and medicinal chemists. Many research programs are tailored towards the design and synthesis of new drugs, for their chemotherapeutic application. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, virus, and fungi. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally; the appearance and widespread use of fake and substandard drugs have further compounded the problem. The HIV epidemic around the world has led to an increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, which in turn has led to an increase in the number of systemic bacterial and fungal infections. Compounds containing carboxylic acid functional groups are playing a major role in the field of medicine. Generally, they play an active and critical role in the biochemistry of human or animal physiology. They have been involved in studies as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal, and analgesic and antiseptic. Currently, there are more than 450 clinically approved drugs containing a free carboxylic acid group. To the best of our knowledge no biological studies and syntheses of these compounds have been reported. We present here the syntheses of different substituted carboxylic and dicarboxylic acid analogues, with electron withdrawing and donating groups (OH, OCH3, CH3, NO2, and F) and explored their potentials as antibacterial and antifungal drugs. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. General Experimental Details All chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany) and used as purchased without further purification. Thin-layer chromatography was performed using precoated silica gel 60 (F254) from MERCK (Germany). Spots on the TLC plates were visualized under UV light (254?nm and 366?nm) and by heating with 10% sulphuric acid in MeOH. The melting point was recorded using a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus. The UV-VIS analysis was carried out on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 UV/VIS Spectrometer, scanning from 200 to 400?nm. Absorbance was measured with a 1?cm quartz cell. The infrared spectra of the solid products were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer using ATR sampling accessory. 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded using Bruker 400?MHz Spectrometer at room temperature (400?MHz for 1H and 100?MHz for 13C), using TMS as reference. Chemical shift values (?) were reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to TMS and coupling constants are given in Hz. The solvent used for these measurements was deuterated DMSO. Multiplicities are given as follows: singlet (s), doublet (d), doublet of doublets (dd), triplet (t), and multiplet (m). 2.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Z1?3,5,7?12 A solution of 1,3-dioxo-2-benzofuran-5-carbonyl chloride (5?g, 23.8?mmol) was weighed into a round bottom flask containing 100?mL of (5%) and then stirred for 30?min; the solid product (1,3-dioxo-2-benzofuran-5-carboxylic acid) formed was then filtered under suction. The products were pure enough for further reaction without further purification; this acid (0.3?g, 1.56?mmol) was further transferred to a 10?mL round bottom flask containing dichloromethane (7?mL) and a magnetic stirrer and 1.5 equiv. of different classes of amine were each added individually to the respective flasks and the mixture refluxed for at least two hours. The heat was then removed and the reaction stirred for a further 30?min. The reaction mixtures were allowed to stand at room temperature for a further 30?min; the solid precipitates formed were then filtered under suction and washed thoroughly with dichloromethane to remove any excess amines (Scheme 1). After drying, they were recrystallized from dichloromethane to give the purified products. 3. Biological Assay 3.1. Clinical Isolate The test compounds (Z1?3,5,7?12) were evaluated on the following isolates, obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria (ABUTH): Candida stellatoidea, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida albicans, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE), and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 3.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Pure cultures of the organism were inoculated on to Mueller Hinton Agar (MERCK) and incubated for 24?h at 38